Куда человек смотрит когда лжет: 10 признаков того, что ваш собеседник лжёт

Как определить по глазам ложь 🚩 движения глаз ложь 🚩 Психоанализ

Инструкция

Когда человек врет, глаза чаще всего его выдают. Можно научиться контролировать движения, можно научиться придумывать правдоподобную ложь. Но контролировать движение глаз очень и очень сложно. В момент лжи человек чувствует себя некомфортно, поэтому он отводит взгляд от глаз собеседника. Посмотрите, куда направлен взгляд собеседника, если он упорно не смотрит вам в глаза — это первый признак лжи.

Люди, которые знают этот признак, иногда делают противоположное действие. То есть смотрят человеку в глаза. И второй признак лжи – прямой немигающий взгляд прямо в глаза. Как правило, люди в этот момент пытаются обелить себя, поэтому их взгляд чересчур честный.

Из-за неприятной ситуации глаза лгущего человека меняются. И это контролировать вообще невозможно. Зрачок резко уменьшается в размерах. Посмотрите собеседнику в глаза. Если зрачок сужен, велика вероятность, что он лжет.

Когда человек лжет, кровь чуть сильнее приливает к лицу. Вокруг глаз появляются микроскопические красные пятна. Иногда это возможно заметить невооруженным взглядом. Пристально посмотрите на кожу вокруг глаз оппонента. Если вы увидели появившиеся небольшие пятна, то, скорее всего, человек говори неправду.

Посмотрите, в какую сторону смотрит человек, когда говорит. Если он смотрит в правую сторону, он врет. Если человек смотрит вправо и вверх, они в этот момент придумывает образ, картинку. Если он смотри вправо и прямо, то он прокручивает в голове звуки, подбирает фразы. Если же он смотрит вправо и вниз, то это значит, что он закончил обдумывать ситуацию и готов ее рассказать.

Применяйте эти правила, если вы уверены, что человек правша. Если же он левша, то он будет смотреть в левую сторону, когда говорит неправду. Учитывайте это, когда будете рассекречивать человека.

Иногда ложь можно определить еще одним способом. Наблюдайте за глазами оппонента. Если его взгляд начал быстро перемещаться от одного предмета к другому, его тоже можно заподозрить во лжи.

Как по мимике и жестам определить ложь

10 июня 2020 в 16:22

Все врут. Кто не знает эту знаменитую фразу не менее знаменитого и обаятельного доктора Хауса? И, в общем, с ним сложно не согласиться. Но от этого знания никому не легче и каждый хотел бы обладать навыками уже другого знаменитого героя сериала – доктора Лайтмена и научиться распознавать ложь с первого взгляда на человека. К сожалению, научиться такому чутью практически невозможно, для этого необходим особый дар. Однако вы вполне можете не попасть в сети обманщика, если будете знать несколько основных секретов, которые помогут вам верно определить, если кто-то будет пытаться вас обмануть.

Как определить ложь человека?

Задумывались ли вы когда-нибудь, как часто каждый из нас сталкивается с ложью? Примерно двести раз – и это только каждые сутки. Так что научиться определять ложь действительно бывает весьма полезно и может помочь избежать определенных проблем или неприятностей. Хотя, нужно сказать, что большинство из этих случаев лжи, абсолютно безобидны. Так, например, ваш приятель может сказать вам, что ваш свитер – просто классный, но в глубине души он считает его отвратительным. Или же ваш собеседник при представлении говорит, что очень рад с вами познакомиться, хотя, конечно, ему абсолютно все равно. Это те небольшие случаи безобидной лжи, которую мы произносим чисто автоматически без вежливости. Без нее сам факт сосуществования в человеческом сообществе уже, пожалуй, и немыслим. Мы и сами регулярно делаем то же самое, и даже не задумываемся над этим фактом

Однако бывают и случаи, когда ложь действительно необходимо распознать. Вот, например, при приеме человека на работу. Ведь, как правило, в резюме указывается приукрашенная и далеко не всегда правдивая информация о квалификации соискателя, его опыте или рабочих навыках. Как научиться распознавать ложь в этом случае?

Стандартные стереотипы срабатывают далеко не всегда. Нервозность собеседника или бегающие глаза могут объясняться и совершенно другими причинами. А вот длительность обдумывания ответа на неожиданно заданный вопрос, вполне может говорить о том, что собеседник готовится солгать.

Доверяйте своей интуиции

Умение распознавать ложь заложено у многих людей на подсознательном уровне, только вот не все дают этому дару свободно развиваться. Однако, в большинстве случаев, наша интуиция нас не подводит, только вот нужно научиться ей доверять. Оказывается, лжеца может выдать несовпадение между его словами и жестами, которое наш мозг оценивает совершенно правильно, в то время как мы можем этого даже не осознавать. Все дело в том, что речью наши предки овладели значительно позже, нежели языком жестов, да и отвечают за эти качества разные полушария. Поэтому, когда наш собеседник говорит одно, а думает другое, то жесты непроизвольно выдают это, а наша интуиция считывает и посылает нам определенные сигналы. Нужно только не подавлять их. Особенно плохими лжецами являются мужчины.

Как распознать ложь

– Если человек лжет, он перенасыщает свой рассказ реальными примерами и действительными фактами, которые могут иметь только косвенное отношение к теме вашего разговора. Если ему задать вопрос, ответ будет нечетким и размытым. В то же самое время, если не перебивать рассказчика, то история будет протекать плавно, от начала до конца.

– Жесты. Лгущий человек довольно часто покачивает головой, как будто он не согласен с тем, что он говорит, отводит в сторону глаза, при этом, мужчины стараются их опустить, а женщины – напротив, смотрят куда-то вверх.

– Еще один явный признак – оттягивание воротничка в ходе разговора. Человек как бы старается почесать шею. Действительно, когда человек обманывает, у него в этих местах возникает определенный зуд. Лгущий человек часто прикасается к своему лицу, почесывает нос или щеку. Все это вызвано тем, что на уровне подсознания человеку очень неловко за то, что он говорит.

Конечно, в некоторых случаях, человек становится очень искусным лгуном, распознать которого может только специалист. Но к счастью, с подобными лгунами в повседневной жизни нам приходится встречаться довольно редко.

Как определить ложь по мимике?

Тот из нас, кто говорит, что никогда не обманывает, обманывает уже одним этим утверждением, поскольку, как совершенно правильно утверждает герой одного из известных сериалов, лгут все. И если вы захотите проследить за собой и посчитать, сколько раз за день вы это делаете, то, вероятно вы будете весьма и весьма удивлены. Ведь вы же наверняка считали себя до этого исключительно честным человеком. Другой вопрос, что ложь бывает разной, неосознанной, малозаметной и малозначительной. Ну, действительно, если вас спрашивают при встрече, как у вас дела, вы же не будете рассказывать о том, как они обстоят в действительности. О том, что вам в очередной раз не хватает денег для поездки за границу или, что ваша теща вчера опять настраивала против вас вашу жену. Вы просто говорите – отлично, и идете дальше. Ну, за исключением тех случаев, когда вас останавливает шеф, для того, чтобы узнать, как продвигаются работы по новому проекту.

Тем не менее, бывают и случаи, когда ложь оказывается злонамеренной и может серьезно осложнить вашу жизнь. В этих случаях лучше заранее попытаться распознать ложь оп мимике собеседника, для того, чтобы в будущем вас не поджидало неприятных сюрпризов. Мимика и жесты, это то, что не солжет никогда, если, конечно, вы умеете правильно их оценивать.

Что нам говорит мимика собеседника

– Пожалуй, начнем с улыбки. Она не всегда бывает искренней им открытой. Если ваш визави пытается вас обмануть, то его улыбка окажется неглубокой и, как говорится, натянутой. Линия губ при этом выглядит продолговатой, а улыбка – некрасивой. Странно, правда? Улыбка – и вдруг некрасивая. Да, такое тоже бывает, и обычно за ней прячется ложь. И уж, конечно, такая улыбка не принесет вам успеха.

– Идем дальше. Глаза. Искренний человек не прячет взгляда от своего собеседника и не боится встретиться с ним глазами. Психологи посчитали, что если человек говорит правду во время разговора, то на визуальный контакт собеседников приходится по времени примерно две трети беседы. А вот если человек лжет, то он будет всячески избегать этого контакта и на него придется ровно вдвое меньше – только одна треть. При этом женщины будут усиленно рассматривать потолок, в то самое время, как мужчины предпочитают пол. И неудивительно, ведь глаза недаром считают зеркалом души, по ним очень легко определить, говорит человек правду или же лжет.

– Исследования, которые ставили своей целью ответить на вопрос, как распознать ложь по мимике привели к интересным результатам. Так ученые выяснили, что если ваш собеседник лжет вам, то смена выражений его лица будет происходить очень часто, каждое из них длится не более пяти секунд. Если же человек говорит правду, то выражение искренности будет находиться на его лице, как минимум, секунд десять и такой быстрой смены кадров вы явно не заметите. Ну, за исключением тех случаев, когда ваш собеседник находится под влиянием сложных душевных состояний, например, ярости или же депрессии.

Кто лжет лучше

Напрасно женщины обвиняют мужчин в постоянной лжи. Как показывают все те же исследования, у мужчин хуже всего получается скрывать свою ложь и у них действительно почти все «написано на лице». При этом распознать ложь по мимике представителя сильного пола легко может не только каждая женщина, но и любой мужчина, стоит ему только проявить побольше наблюдательности.

А вот женщины – другое дело. Вероятно потому, что они и сами почти верят в собственную ложь, им это удается настолько хорошо, что для того, чтобы понять, когда лжет женщина, по ее мимике, нужно обладать недюжинным опытом в этом деле. Так что будьте особенно осторожны, если ваш собеседник – женщина.

Как определить ложь по жестам?

Когда-то, на заре своего появления, человек мог изъясняться только жестами. Но поскольку в те благостные времена, ложь людям была еще незнакома, то и жесты, которыми они пользовались, никогда не лгали. Но с развитием человечества, оно научилось говорить, а заодно и лгать. Однако по-прежнему вы можете распознать ложь, благодаря все тем же неспособным солгать жестам, которые используются совершено непроизвольно.

Наблюдали ли вы когда-нибудь за танцующими на корпоративной вечеринке? А ведь танец, это, по сути, все тот же древний язык жестов. Начальник танцует осанисто, без лишней суеты, слегка притопывая ногами и соблюдая солидность. Секретарша, имеющая особые отношения с шефом, ничуть не скрывает в танце своего привилегированного положения и выступает эдакой павой, а вот зам, который давно мечтает подсидеть его, слегка сутулится и плотно прижимает к телу руки, всячески пытаясь закрыться, чтобы никто не мог угадать его мысли. Тело просто не способно солгать и по жестам довольно просто определить, что же человек в действительности думает и как он к вам относится. И уж конечно, язык жестов поможет вам распознать ложь

Жесты, помогающие определить, что человек вам лжет

Таких жестов достаточно много и мы постараемся вам рассказать о наиболее общих из них. Нужно, впрочем, учитывать и то, что многие жесты передаются генетически и у членов одной семьи, даже не знакомых друг с другом, они могут быть совершенно одинаковыми. Итак.

1.

Если человек периодически потирает и почесывает мочки своих ушей. Скорее всего, то, что он говорит, не совсем соответствует истине.

2.

Похожий жест, только связанный с носом. Человек периодически дотрагивается до кончика своего носа, точно проверяя, не отрос ли он. Недаром в прежние времена говорили, что у лжецов вырастает длинный нос. А знаменитый Пиноккио был большим лгунишкой. Впрочем, обратите внимание на то, что нос у человека может и действительно просто чесаться. Может, у него аллергия.

3.

Распознать ложь можно и по странной улыбке, которая кажется неестественной. Такую улыбку принято еще называть кривой или выдавленной. Скорее всего, улыбаться вашему собеседнику в этот момент вовсе и не хочется.

4.

Если разговаривая с вами, человек продолжает держаться за что-то, как бы ища дополнительную опору. Например – за спинку стула или же за дверь. А может быть – просто выставляет перед собой какой-то предмет, словно пытаясь укрыться за ним, например – карандаш, ручку или книгу.

5.

Лгущий человек довольно часто запускает пальцы в волосы и старательно их теребит. Это явно говорит, что ваш собеседник хочет вас запутать.

6.

Лгущая женщина не ограничивается тем, что теребит локоны. Она начинает быстро и резко причесываться. Или – достает тюбик с губной помадой и начинает наводить красоту.

7.

Как распознать ложь по жестам? Существует очень характерный жест, который выдает практически всех лгунов, и даже если они о нем знают, они почти никогда не могут удержаться. Лгущего человека так и тянет прикрыть рот рукой. Пусть он будет делать это не столь явно, как маленькие дети, которые, не скрываясь, отчаянно зажимают себе рот, словно пытаясь не выпустить из нег слова. Тем не менее, почти наверняка, он периодически будет подносить руку ко рту, то для того, чтобы потереть щеку, а то, для того, чтобы убрать с губ соринку. Обратите на это внимание.

8.

Курит ли ваш собеседник? Если да, то почти наверняка он будет затягиваться вдвое чаще обычного. Тоже очень неплохой тест.

Жестов, помогающих распознать ложь, существует довольно много. Однако не следует на этом зацикливаться, поскольку это может стать вашей навязчивой идеей и привести к излишней и не всегда оправданной подозрительности. Кроме того, имейте в виду, что все жесты нужно рассматривать в комплексе, поскольку многие из них могут оказаться вызваны и совершенно другими причинами.

90000 How to tell if someone is lying to you, according to researchers 90001 90002 If you claim that you never lie, well, you’re a liar. 90003 90002 Those little white lies are slipping out more often than you realize: One study found that Americans, on average, tell about 11 lies per week. Other research shows that number is on the conservative side. A study published in the Journal of Basic and Applied Social Psychology found that 60 percent of people can not go 10 minutes without lying at least once.And it gets worse: Those that did lie actually told an average of three lies during that short conversation. 90003 90002 Why do we do it? 90003 90002 In surveying more than 100 psychology graduate students currently or previously in therapy, Leslie Martin, PhD, of Wake Forest University’s counseling center, found that of the 37 percent who reported lying, most did so «to protect themselves in some way — mostly to avoid shame or embarrassment, to avoid painful emotions and to avoid being judged.»90003 90002 60 percent of people can not go 10 minutes without lying at least once. 90003 90002 You know, like when you’re too tired to go to brunch so you claim you have a stomach bug or you tell your boss you had train trouble when you really just overslept. Then there are the little fibs called pro-social lies which we are taught as kids are harmless. (Telling grandma that you love the new sweater when you actually hate it, or telling your wife she looks great in that outfit, when you actually think she looks a little on the heavy side.) 90003 90002 The problem with these little lies — which are harmless at first — is that they tend to have a snowball effect. 90003 90002 A study published in the journal Nature Neuroscience found that lying is a slippery slope: When people tell small lies, the brain becomes desensitized to the pang of guilt that dishonesty usually causes. 90003 90002 Basically, the more you lie, the easier it is to do it, and the bigger the lies get. 90003 90020 How good are we at detecting lies? 90021 90002 Chances are you’re throwing lies around pretty often.But do you know when you’re being duped? 90003 90002 It turns out we are pretty good at pegging liars, but that we end up talking ourselves out of it. Research published in Psychological Science found that we all have pre-set instincts for detecting liars, but they are often overridden by our conscious minds. 90003 90002 «Although humans can not consciously discriminate liars from truth tellers, they do have a sense, on some less-conscious level, of when someone is lying,» the authors say. It’s our conscious biases and decision making skills that interfere with the natural ability to detect deception.90003 90002 Research shows our accuracy of distinguishing truths from lies is just 53 percent — not much better than flipping a coin. 90003 90002 A large meta-analysis revealed overall accuracy of distinguishing truths from lies was just 53 percent — not much better than flipping a coin, note the authors, psychologists Charles Bond, PhD, of Texas Christian University, and Bella DePaulo, PhD, of the University of California, Santa Barbara. 90003 90002 And it seems we’re all equally as bad at identifying them: A 2014 study found that emotionally intelligent individuals are more easily duped by liars.90003 90002 While letting these little white lies go is not life or death (and honestly, we may be better off not knowing if our co-worker hates our outfit), there are more serious situations where vetting lies is an important skill. Say you have an underlying suspicion that your spouse is being unfaithful, or that your child may be engaging in dangerous activities behind your back. 90003 90002 Luckily there are active steps we can take to improve our lie detection radar. According to behavioral experts and professional interrogators, the key is to watch rather than listen.You may not be able to hear a lie but you can spot a liar by being aware of these nonverbal signs. 90003 When it comes to spotting a liar, the key is to watch rather than listen.MaryAnnShmueli / Getty Images 90020 5 steps to becoming a human lie detector 90021 90002 Get the better newsletter. 90003 90002 «In the world of behavioral analysis, baseline observations are the totality of observing nonverbal attributes absent the introduction of stressors and triggers. Most baseline measurements should be calibrated during non-confrontational conversation, «says Roger Strecker, Sr., A trained behavioral analysis interviewer / interrogator with over 30 years of law enforcement experience, who is now the CEO of Ternion Risk Mitigation Group. 90003 90002 It’s especially easy to establish a baseline of behavior for those you are close to like spouses, children and friends. 90003 90002 «If you are using visual behavior to gauge the credibility of someone you know, you will also have the benefit of a baseline. Some people, for example, will never look you in the eye. For others, every interaction is a stare down, «wrote Wendy L.Patrick, Ph.D., career prosecutor, behavioral expert and author of author of «Red Flags: How to Spot Frenemies, Underminers, and Ruthless People.» «Knowing how someone normally looks (or does not) during in-person interaction can assist in judging the significance of deviations from the norm. 90003 90002 They say our eyes are the window to our soul — and when it comes to spotting a liar, studying the portal may lead you to the truth. 90003 90002 A study of people across 58 countries found that gaze aversion was the behavior that most people associated with deception.But is there any truth to this? 90003 90002 Researchers say no. 90003 90002 Science shows that liars do not avoid eye contact any more frequently than those telling the truth. The key thing to look for in eye movement is deviation from their baseline. 90003 90002 «We are always looking from deviation from baseline analysis, whatever the interviewee exhibits with respect to eye contact, focus and even dilation or constriction of pupils are assessed,» says Strecker. «If eye contact was constant at onset of conversation then changed when a stressor or trigger questions was inserted, this should be noted as an attribute that could be a deceptive response.»90003 90002 He also notes that how fast or slow someone blinks (and how that changes from their baseline when they say something you suspect to be a lie) is critical to observe. 90003 90002 The caveat comes when there are very high stakes involved — say, cheating in a relationship or doing something in the office place that can cost you your job. In these situations, some studies have found gaze aversion to be linked with deception. 90003 90062 90063 90064 Look for «microexpressions» 90065 90066 90067 90002 Research out of Stephen Porter’s forensic psychology lab at Dalhousie University found that the face will betray the deceiver’s true emotion — «cracking» briefly and allowing displays of true emotion to leak out.90003 90002 When people were instructed to lie, the researchers were able to discern rare «microexpressions,» flashes of true emotion that show briefly, from one-fifth to one-25th of a second, on their faces. 90003 90002 «The face and its musculature are so complex — so much more complex than anywhere else in our external bodies,» says Leanne ten Brinke, a graduate student in experimental psychology who collaborated on the research. «There are some muscles in the face you can not control … and those muscles will not be activated in the absence of genuine emotion — you just can not do it.»90003 90002 The face will betray the deceiver’s true emotion -» cracking «briefly and allowing displays of true emotion to leak out. 90003 90002 Porter adds that if someone is telling a really big lie with serious consequences, the face will definitely reveal the deception. «Because unlike body language, you can not monitor or completely control what’s going on your face. This research was the first detailed experimental demonstration of the secrets revealed when people put on a ‘false face,’ faking or inhibiting various universal emotions.»90003 90002 These tiny cracks lasting less than one-fifth of a second may leak emotions someone wants to conceal, such as anger or guilt. Experts do point out that signs of emotion are not necessarily signs of guilt, but they may give you a peek into underlying emotions someone may be concealing. 90003 90002 «The facial expression appears to crack and another emotion leaks on the face, however briefly,» says ten Brinke. «When you see a facial expression like this, you’ve got to probe with questions to find out why the person is feeling this way.»90003 90002 According to DePaulo’s meta-analysis, liars are more likely to press their lips together, leaving their smile looking forced or tense. 90003 90002 But it’s not just about the lips — it is the mouth / eye combo that is key in spotting a liar. 90003 90002 «A truthful person smiles with their entire face, like the famous Mona Lisa,» says Patrick. «Crow’s feet indicate honesty.» 90003 90020 Related 90021 90002 She stresses that while we tend to distrust people who are shifty-eyed, break eye contact or will not look you in the eye at all, there are plenty of innocent explanations for this, whether they are shy, nervous or socially awkward.So focusing on someone’s eyes when they smile is a great way to rule out these other explanations. 90003 90002 There are seven human emotions, Stecker says: anger, happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, disgust and contempt. These come into play when someone is forcing a smile. 90003 90002 «We are now looking at the ‘blended expression,’ with the lower half of the face exhibiting the secondary human emotion and the upper facial quadrant exhibiting the primary human emotion,» says Strecker. «The real smile will exhibit matching lower and upper hemispheres of human face, which match and will arguably be cataloged as happy.»With a fake smile there is a disconnect between the eyes and the mouth. «The upper hemisphere or areas around the eyes may be exhibiting contempt, anger or disgust,» he explains. 90003 90002 So you’re pretty sure your friend, boss or family member just lied to your face. You decide to press them on the issue by asking for clarification around the statement. Chances are, there are going to be some physical shifts that can clue you into their discomfort. 90003 90002 Touching of the face is a ‘pacifier’ and has a calming effect to a brain under stress.90003 90002 «The limbic and basal ganglia systems are two critical components of the human brain controlling processing of stress and visible nonverbal deception attributes humans exhibit,» says Strecker. «Not commonly known, when the human brain is under stress, the brain temperature rises and often is exhibited as perspiration on the forehead or upper lip area of ​​the face. Touching of the face is a ‘pacifier’ and has a calming effect to an otherwise brain under stress. Foot tapping or fidgety hands (when during baseline their hands, legs and feet were benign) should be noted.»90003 90002 Of course this is dependent on the baseline — some people just have a habit of twirling their hair or touching their face. But Strecker says to be mindful of any changes in blinking speed, swallowing, facial hand rubbing, yawning, hair twirling or rate of breathing — all actions that may hint a lie is in process. 90003 90104 MORE FROM BETTER 90105 90002 Want more tips like these? NBC News BETTER is obsessed with finding easier, healthier and smarter ways to live. Sign up for our newsletter and follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.90003.90000 10 Top Signs That Someone is Lying 90001 90002 90003 90004 1. A change in their voice 90005 90006 90003 According to Gregg McCrary, a retired FBI criminal profiler, a person’s voice or mannerisms of speaking may change when they tell a lie, as reported on the Real Simple website. He first takes the strategy of identifying a person’s regular speech patterns and mannerisms by asking typical, easy questions, such as what their name is or where they live. This allows him to see any changes in speaking or mannerisms when he asks more challenging, interrogative questions.90006 90009 90002 90003 90004 2. They may try and be still 90005 90006 90003 It seems weird, but being perfectly still or being very still may be an indicator that a person is not telling the truth. As Reader’s Digest points out, such a person may keep their movements minimized or even pull their arms and legs in toward their body, mostly as a result of being tense or nervous. Think about it — when things are normal, people are generally more relaxed and may exhibit more fluidity and movement in their body, but when something is awry, including having to tell a white lib or a huge fib, they may become stiff or rigid in body movement.90006 90009 90002 90003 90004 3. Their bodily expressions may not match what they are saying out loud 90005 90006 90003 Ever seen a person tell someone else that everything is fine when his or her body language and expressions clearly say something different? This may be a sign that they are not telling the truth, even to themselves! As the website bifaloo.com points out, when someone is lying the timing between what they are saying and what they are expressing may be off or their expressions may be mismatched to their words — just think of a flat ‘thank you’ accompanied with a frown for a big bouquet of flowers — something is off! Other signs of a mismatch include a person shaking their head ‘no’ while replying yes to a question, reports ScienceofPeople.com. 90006 90009 90002 90003 90004 4. Their language can change 90005 90006 90003 They might use distancing language to separate themselves from the truth, even changing their selection of pronouns as they speak. «I misplaced her money,» might became «I misplaced the money,» all in an effort, subconscious or otherwise, to show less connection to an object or objects or to what is being discussed. 90006 90009 90002 90003 90004 5. Direction of their eyes 90005 90006 90003 Sometimes people who are not telling the truth may look to the left because they may be constructing answers or imagery in their head.This may be opposed to looking to the right or up and to the right, where people’s eyes often head when they are trying to recall an auditory or visual memory. However, as bifaloo.com points out, these eye directions may be reversed for the typical left-handed person. And udemy.com reports that eye direction may not be most reliable indicator of a lie. 90006 90009 90002 90003 90004 6. Covering their mouth or eyes 90005 90006 90003 Many people want to literally cover up a lie or hide themselves from the reaction to it, which may be why they put their hands over their eyes or mouths when letting an untruth out.Others may even actually completely close their eyes when telling a lie, according to an article posted on communitytable.com, particularly when its in response to a question that does not require a lot of reflection. 90006 90009 90002 90003 90004 7. Unusual gesticulating 90005 90006 90003 Think about what a kid does when you ask them where the last cookie went. They may lick their lips, look at their nails, or even shake their hands — and then tell a big whopper of a lie. What’s really happening is that their anxiety-response has kicked in it, causing blood to be withdrawn from their extremities, according to communitytable.com. They may be unconsciously trying to calm that anxiety response or at least get the blood flowing back to their extremities, all of which could point to nervousness about telling a lie. 90006 90009 90002 90003 90004 8. Taking that hardline pause 90005 90006 90003 Liars may pause a lot as they work to construct details or stories in their head or to explain their actions using a storyline that really did not occur. Lifehack.com reports that paying attention to these pauses can be important because it may mean that an individual is making up events as they talk.Prevention magazine additionally says that people who pause, who seem to be thinking hard, or who show gaps in their conversation may be exhibiting behaviors consistent with people who lie. 90006 90009 90002 90003 90004 9. Improvising with the details 90005 90006 90003 Since a liar may make up things as they go, they may also have a tendency to add excessive detail to better convince themselves or others of what they are saying. They may also embellish with details that a person who is telling the truth would not think of adding.For example, a poster on AllWomensTalk.com, said that her mom could always tell when her brother was telling a lie because her brother would just talk on and on when questioned. 90006 90009 90002 90003 90004 10. Pointing their fingers (literally) 90005 90006 90003 The act of pointing at or toward something or someone else may signal a desire to take a focus off of an individual and onto someone else, according to therichest.com. Of course, knowing if that person normally gesticulates or finger points frequently can be a helpful baseline.Additionally, if they point their finger in a different direction than the way their eyes are looking, they could also be telling a lie, according to The Student Eye. 90006 90009 90003 Finally, there may be different techniques to use when trying to detect someone who may be lying to you on the phone or even lying in an e-mail. None of the techniques listed above, however, should be used alone as a hard and fast strategy for catching someone in a lie. However, if you are truly interested in learning more, you may want to consider working toward a degree in investigation, or enrolling in Udemy’s «How to Become a Human Lie Detector» course.As of February 2015 року, some 8,896 students had enrolled in the class, taught by behavioral investigator Vanessa Van Edwards, suggesting that people certainly want to learn more about how other people tell lies. 90006.90000 BBC — Ethics — Lying 90001 90002 Lying and truth-telling 90003 90004 Lying 90005 90006 Lying is probably one of the most common wrong acts that we carry out (one researcher has said ‘lying is an unavoidable part of human nature’), so it’s worth spending time thinking about it. 90007 90006 Most people would say that lying is always wrong, except when there’s a good reason for it — which means that it’s not always wrong! 90007 90006 But even people who think lying is always wrong have a problem… Consider the case where telling a lie would mean that 10 other lies would not be told. If 10 lies are worse than 1 lie then it would seem to be a good thing to tell the first lie, but if lying is always wrong then it’s wrong to tell the first lie … 90007 90004 Acknowledgement 90005 90006 Nobody who writes about lying nowadays can do so without acknowledging an enormous debt to this groundbreaking book: 90015 Lying: Moral choice in public and private life 90016, by Sisela Bok, 1978. 90007 90004 What is a lie? 90005 90006 Lying is a form of deception, but not all forms of deception are lies.90007 90006 90023 Lying is giving some information while believing it to be untrue, intending to deceive by doing so. 90024 90007 90006 A lie has three essential features: 90007 90028 90029 A lie communicates some information 90030 90029 The liar intends to deceive or mislead 90030 90029 The liar believes that what they are ‘saying’ is not true 90030 90035 90006 There are some features that people think are part of lying but are not actually necessary: ​​90007 90028 90029 A lie does not have to give false information 90030 90029 A lies does not have to be told with a bad (malicious) intention — white lies are an example of lies told with a good intention 90030 90035 90006 This definition says that what makes a lie a lie is that the liar intends to deceive (or at least to mislead) the person they are lying to.It says nothing about whether the information given is true or false. 90007 90006 This definition covers ordinary cases of lying and these two odd cases as well: 90007 90028 90029 the case where someone inadvertently gives true information while believing that they’re telling a lie 90028 90029 I want the last helping of pie for myself, so I lie to you that there is a worm in it. When I later eat that piece of pie I discover that there really is a worm in it 90030 90035 90030 90029 the case where nobody is deceived by me because they know that I always tell lies 90030 90035 90004 Lying and statements 90005 90006 Some philosophers believe that lying requires a statement of some sort; they say that the liar must actually speak or write or gesture.90007 90006 Sisella Bok, author of a major philosophical book on the subject of lying, defines a lie as: 90007 90006 Others stretch the definition to include doing nothing in response to a question, knowing that this will deceive the questioner. 90007 90006 Others include ‘living a lie’; those cases where someone behaves in a way that misleads the rest of us as to their true nature. 90007 90004 Why is lying wrong? 90005 90006 There are many reasons why people think lying is wrong; which ones resonate best with you will depend on the way you think about ethics.90007 90028 90029 Lying is bad because a generally truthful world is a good thing: lying diminishes trust between human beings: 90028 90029 if people generally did not tell the truth, life would become very difficult, as nobody could be trusted and nothing you heard or read could be trusted — you would have to find everything out for yourself 90030 90029 an untrusting world is also bad for liars — lying is not much use if everyone is doing it 90030 90035 90030 90029 Lying is bad because it treats those who are lied to as a means to achieve the liar’s purpose, rather than as a valuable end in themselves 90028 90029 Many people think that it is wrong to treat people as means not ends 90030 90035 90030 90029 Lying is bad because it makes it difficult for the person being lied to make a free and informed decision about the matter concerned 90028 90029 Lies lead people to base their decisions on false information 90030 90035 90030 90029 Lying is bad because it can not sensibly be made into a universal principle 90028 90029 Many people think that something should only be accepted as an ethical rule if it can be applied in every case 90030 90035 90030 90029 Lying is bad because it’s a basic moral wrong 90028 90029 Some things are fundamentally bad — lying is one of them 90030 90035 90030 90029 Lying is bad because it’s something that Good People do not do 90028 90029 Good behaviour displays the virtues found in Good People 90030 90035 90030 90029 Lying is bad because it corrupts the liar 90028 90029 Telling lies may become a habit and if a person regularly indulges in one form of wrong-doing they may well become more comfortable with wrong-doing in general 90030 90035 90030 90029 Some religious people argue Lying is bad because it misuses the God-given gift of human communication 90028 90029 God gave humanity speech so that they could accurately share their thoughts — lying does the opposite 90030 90035 90030 90029 Some philosophers say lying is bad because language is essential to human societies and carries the obligation to use it truthfully 90028 90029 When people use language they effectively ‘make a contract’ to use it in a particular way — one of the clauses of this contract is not to use language deceitfully 90030 90035 90030 90035 90004 What harm do lies do? 90005 90006 Lies obviously hurt the person who is lied to (most of the time), but they can also hurt the liar, and society in general.90007 90006 The person who is lied to suffers if they do not find out because: 90007 90028 90029 They are deprived of some control over their future because 90028 90029 They can no longer make an informed choice about the issue concerned 90030 90029 They are not fully informed about their possible courses of action 90030 90029 They may make a decision that they would not otherwise have made 90030 90035 90030 90029 They may suffer damage as a result of the lie 90030 90035 90006 The person who is lied to suffers if they do find out because: 90007 90028 90029 They feel badly treated — deceived and manipulated, and regarded as a person who does not deserve the truth 90030 90029 They see the damage they have suffered 90030 90029 They doubt their own ability to assess truth and make decisions 90030 90029 They become untrusting and uncertain and this too damages their ability to make free and informed choices 90030 90029 They may seek revenge 90030 90035 90006 The liar is hurt because: 90007 90028 90029 He has to remember the lies he’s told 90028 90029 He must act in conformity with the lies 90030 90029 He may have to tell more lies to avoid being found out 90030 90035 90030 90029 He has to be wary of those he’s lied to 90030 90029 His long-term credibility is at risk 90028 90029 He will probably suffer harm if he’s found out 90030 90029 If he’s found out, people are more likely to lie to him 90030 90029 If he’s found out he’s less likely to be believed in future 90030 90035 90030 90029 His own view of his integrity is damaged 90030 90029 He may find it easier to lie again or to do other wrongs 90030 90035 90006 Those who tell ‘good lies’ do not generally suffer these consequences — although they may do so on some occasions.90007 90006 Society is hurt because: 90007 90028 90029 The general level of truthfulness falls — other people may be encouraged to lie 90030 90029 Lying may become a generally accepted practice in some quarters 90030 90029 It becomes harder for people to trust each other or the institutions of society 90030 90029 Social cohesion is weakened 90030 90029 Eventually no-one is able to believe anyone else and society collapses 90030 90035 90004 When is it OK to lie? 90005 90006 The philosopher Sissela Bok put forward a process for testing whether a lie could be justified.She calls it the test of publicity: 90007 90006 If we were to apply this test as a thought experiment we would bring together a panel of everyone affected by a particular lie — the liar, those lied to and everyone who might be affected by the lie. 90007 90006 We would then put forward all our arguments for telling a particular lie and then ask that ‘jury’ of relevant and reasonable persons if telling this lie was justified. 90007 90006 But what could we do in the real world? 90007 90028 90029 First inspect our own conscience and ask whether the lie is justified 90030 90029 Second, ask friends or colleagues, or people with special ethical knowledge what they think about the particular case 90030 90029 Thirdly, consult some independent persons about it 90030 90035 90006 This sort of test is most useful when considering what we might call ‘public’ lying — when an institution is considering just how much truth to tell about a project — perhaps a medical experiment, or a proposed war, or an environmental development.90007 90006 One executive observed to this writer that a useful test for the justifiability of an action that he was uncertain about was to imagine what the press would write afterwards if they discovered what he had done and compared it to what he had said in advance. 90007 90006 In most cases of personal small scale lying there is no opportunity to do anything more than consult our own conscience — but we should remember that our conscience is usually rather biased in our favour. 90007 90006 A good way of helping our conscience is to ask how we would feel if we were on the receiving end of the lie.It’s certainly not foolproof, but it may be helpful. 90007 90006 Bok sets out some factors that should be considered when contemplating a lie: 90007 90028 90029 Are there some truthful alternatives to using a lie to deal with the particular problem? 90030 90029 What moral justifications are there for telling this lie — and what counter-arguments can be raised against those justifications? 90030 90029 What would a public jury of reasonable persons say about this lie? 90030 90035 90002 Lying and ethical theory 90003 90004 Lying and ethical theory 90005 90006 Different theories of ethics approach lying in different ways.In grossly over-simplified terms, those who follow consequentialist theories are concerned with the consequences of lying and if telling a lie would lead to a better result than telling the truth, they will argue that it is good to tell the lie. They would ask: 90007 90006 ‘Would telling the truth or telling a lie bring about the better consequences?’ 90007 90006 In contrast, a dutybased ethicist would argue that, even if lying has the better consequences, it is still morally wrong to lie.90007 90004 Consequentialists (Utilitarians) and lies 90005 90006 Consequentialists assess the rightness or wrongness of doing something by looking at the consequences caused by that act. So if telling a particular lie produces a better result than not telling it, then telling it would be a good thing to do. And if telling a particular lie produces a worse result than not telling it, telling it would be a bad thing to do. 90007 90006 This has a certain commonsense appeal, but it’s also quite impractical since it requires a person to work out in advance the likely good and bad consequences of the lie they are about to tell and balance the good against the bad.This is hard to do, because: 90007 90028 90029 consequences are hard to predict 90030 90029 measuring good and bad is hard 90028 90029 how do we decide what is good and what is bad? 90030 90029 for whom is it good or bad? 90030 90029 what system of measurement can we use? 90030 90029 what consequences are relevant? 90030 90029 how long a time-period should be used in assessing the consequences? 90030 90035 90030 90029 it requires a person to value everyone involved equally and not to give extra value to their own wishes 90030 90029 it requires a person to consider the consequences to society in general of telling lies as well as the consequences for those actually involved 90030 90035 90006 So most Utilitarian thinkers do not apply it on a case by case basis but use the theory to come up with some general principles — perhaps along the lines of: 90007 90028 90029 Lying is bad, because 90028 90029 it causes harm to people 90030 90029 it reduces society’s general respect for truth; 90030 90035 90030 90029 but there are some cases — white lies or mercy lies — where it may be OK to tell lies.90030 90035 90006 This is an example of ‘rule-utilitarianism’; considering every single action separately is ‘act-Utilitarianism’. 90007 90006 These two forms of Utilitarianism could lead to different results: An act-Utilitarian might say that telling a lie in a particular case did lead to the best results for everyone involved and for society as a whole, while a rule-Utilitarian might argue that since lying made society a less happy place, it was wrong to tell lies, even in this particular case.90007 90004 Deontologists 90005 90006 Deontologists base their moral thinking on general universal laws, and not on the results of particular acts. (The word comes from from the Greek word 90015 deon 90016, meaning duty.) 90007 90006 An act is therefore either a right or a wrong act, regardless of whether it produces good or bad consequences. 90007 90006 Deontologists do not always agree on how we arrive at ‘moral laws’, or on what such laws are, but one generally accepted moral law is ‘do not tell lies’.90007 90006 And if that is the law then lying is always wrong — even if telling the truth would produce far better consequences: so if I lie to a terrorist death squad about the whereabouts of the people that they’re hunting, and so save their lives , I have in fact done wrong, because I broke the rule that says lying is wrong. 90007 90006 Most of us would accept that an unbreakable rule against lying would be unworkable, but a more sophisticated rule (perhaps one with a list of exceptions) might be something we could live with.90007 90004 Virtue ethics 90005 90006 Virtue ethics looks at what good (virtuous) people do. If honesty is a virtue in the particular system involved, then lying is a bad thing. 90007 90006 The difficulty with this approach comes when a virtuous person tells a lie as a result of another virtue (compassion perhaps). The solution might be to consider what an ideal person would have done in the particular circumstances. 90007 90002 Other types of lying 90003 90004 Other types of lying 90005 90004 Mental reservations 90005 90006 This legalistic device divides a statement into two parts: the first part is misleading, the two parts together are true — however only the first part is said aloud, the second part is a ‘mental reservation’.90007 90006 Here are some examples: 90007 90028 90029 «I have never cheated on my wife» (except last Thursday) 90030 90029 «I did not steal the cakes» (on Thursday afternoon) 90030 90029 «I did not touch the painting» (but my glove did) 90030 90035 90006 This device seems outrageous to the modern mind, but a few centuries ago it was much used. 90007 90006 One common occasion for mental reservations was in court, when a person had sworn an oath to tell the truth and expected God to punish them if they lied.90007 90006 If they’d stolen some sheep on Tuesday they could safely tell the court «I did not steal those sheep» as long as they added in their mind «on Monday». Since God was believed to know every thought, God would hear the mental reservation as well as the public statement and therefore would not have been lied to. 90007 90006 Sissela Bok says that this device is recommended to doctors by one textbook. If a feverish patient, for example, asks what his temperature is, the doctor is advised to answer «your temperature is normal today» while making the mental reservation that it is normal for a person in the patient’s precise physical condition.90007 90004 Lying to those with no right to the truth 90005 90006 The Dutch philosopher and lawyer Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) taught that a lie is not really wrong if the person being lied to has no right to the truth. 90007 90006 This stemmed from his idea that what made a wrong or unjust action wrong was that it violated someone else’s rights. If someone has no right to the truth, their rights are not violated if they’re told a lie. 90007 90006 This argument would seem to teach that it’s not an unethical lie to tell a mugger that you have no money (although it is a very unwise thing to do), and it is not an unethical lie to tell a death squad that you don ‘ t know where their potential victim is hiding.90007 90006 In practice, most people would regard this as a very legalistic and ‘small print’ sort of argument and not think it much of a justification for telling lies, except in certain extreme cases that can probably be justified on other grounds. 90007 90004 Lying to liars 90005 90006 If someone lies to you, are you entitled to lie to them in return? Has the liar lost the right to be told the truth? Human behaviour suggests that we do feel less obliged to be truthful to liars than to people who deal with us honestly.90007 90006 Most moral philosophers would say that you are not justified in lying to another person because they have lied to you. 90007 90006 From an ethical point of view, the first thing is that a lie is still a lie — even if told to a liar. 90007 90006 Secondly, while the liar may be regarded as having lost the right to be told the truth, society as a whole still retains some sort of right that its members should use language truthfully. 90007 90006 But is it a pardonable lie? The old maxim ‘two wrongs do not make a right’ suggests that it is not, and it’s clear that even if the liar has lost their right to be told the truth, all the other reasons why lying is bad are still valid.90007 90006 But there is a real change in the ethics of the situation; this is not that a lie to a liar is forgivable, but that the liar himself is not in a morally strong position to complain about being lied to. 90007 90006 But — and it’s a big ‘but’ — even this probably only applies in a particular context — if I tell you lies about the number of children I have, that does not entitle you to lie to me about the time of the next train to London, although it would make it very hard for me to complain if you were to lie to me about the number of children in your family.90007 90006 Nor does it justify lying to someone because you know they are an habitual liar — once again all the other arguments against lying are still valid. 90007 90004 Mutual agreed deception 90005 90006 There are cases where two people (or groups of people) willingly engage in a mutual deception, because they think it will benefit them. Sisela Bok puts it like this: 90007 90006 An example of this is a negotiation in which both parties will lie to each other ( ‘that’s my best price’, ‘I’ll have to leave it then’) in a way that everyone involved understands.90007 90004 Lies that do not deceive are not sinful lies … or are they? 90005 90006 If both parties know that the liar’s statement is NOT intended to be taken as a definitive and important statement of the truth then it may not count as a sinful lie, because there’s no intention to deceive. 90007 90006 There are many cases where no reasonable person expects what is said to them to be genuinely truthful. 90007 90006 That may let us off the hook for things like: 90007 90028 90029 Flattery: ‘you look lovely’ 90030 90029 Gratitude: ‘that’s just what I wanted’ 90030 90029 Formal language conventions: ‘sincerely yours’, ‘pleased to meet you’ 90030 90029 Bargaining: ‘my best price is £ 500’ 90030 90029 Generalisation: ‘it always rains in Manchester’ 90030 90029 Advertising: ‘#### washes whitest’ 90028 90029 If believing the advert might lead to bad consequences — for example in medical advertising — this would not count as a guilt-free lie.90030 90035 90030 90029 Jokes: ‘there was an Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman’ 90030 90029 Unpredictable situations: ‘it will not rain today’ 90030 90029 Sporting tips: ‘Pegleg is unbeatable in the 3:30 race’ 90030 90029 False excuses: ‘he’s in a meeting’ 90030 90029 Conjuring tricks: ‘There’s nothing up my sleeve’ 90030 90035 90006 It’s not always easy to see the difference between these statements and white lies. 90007 90006 Incidentally the Ethics web team disagreed amongst themselves as to the status of lies that do not deceive — your thoughts are very welcome.90007 90004 White lies 90005 90006 A white lie is a lie that is not intended to harm the person being lied to — indeed it’s often intended to benefit them by making them feel good, or preventing their feelings being hurt. 90007 90006 For example, I go to a dinner party and my hostess asks how I like the dish she’s prepared. The true answer happens to be ‘I think it tastes horrible’ but if I say ‘it’s delicious’ that’s a white lie. Most people would approve of that white lie and would regard telling the truth as a bad thing to do.(But this lie does do some harm — the hostess may feel encouraged to make that dish again, and so future guests will have to suffer from it.) 90007 90006 White lies usually include most of these features: 90007 90028 90029 they are not intended to harm the person lied to 90030 90029 they are not intended to harm anyone else 90030 90029 they do not actually harm anyone (or only do trivial harm) 90030 90029 the lie is about something morally trivial 90030 90029 they are not told so often that they devalue what you say 90030 90035 90006 White lies are not a totally good thing: 90007 90028 90029 the person being lied to is deprived of information that they might find useful even if they found it unpleasant 90030 90029 the person telling the lies may find it easier to lie in future and they may come to blur the boundary between white lies and more blameworthy lies 90030 90035 90006 White lies weaken the general presumption that lying is wrong and may make it easier for a person to tell lies that are intended to harm someone, or may make it easier to avoid telling truths that need to be told — for example, when giving a performance evaluation it is more comfortable not to tell someone that their work is sub-standard.90007 .90000 Myth Busted: Looking Left or Right Does not Indicate If You’re Lying | Science 90001 90002 We’ve all heard the claim: Watching a person’s eyes as they speak can help us figure out if they’re lying or telling the truth. Supposedly, if a right-handed person looks to the right, they are unwittingly revealing activity in the right hemisphere-the creative half of their brain-indicating they’re manufacturing a lie. On the other hand, eyes pointed to the left suggest activity in the rational, left hemisphere, showing that the speaker is telling the truth.90003 90002 This idea has become so entrenched in conventional wisdom that it’s reportedly been used to train police conducting interrogations and can be found all over the web. But a new study by researchers in the United Kingdom and Canada, published yesterday in the journal 90005 PLoS ONE 90006, indicates that there’s absolutely no evidence for it at all. «It’s madness,» says Richard Wiseman, the lead author of the study.»You might as well just toss a coin, and if it comes up heads, you’re going up against a liar.» 90003 90002 Wiseman, who holds a Professorship in the Public Understanding of Psychology at the University of Hertfordshire, frequently speaks on the psychology of lying and illusion, and says that running into this myth over and over again finally convinced him to test it scientifically. «Whenever I talk about lying publicly, this thing about eye movements always comes up,» he says. «It does not at all match with the psychological literature, so I thought it’d be good to put it to the test.»90003 Supposedly, the face on the left would be lying, while the face on the right telling the truth. (Image courtesy of PLoS ONE / Richard Wiseman) 90002 The first-ever study looking specifically into the myth yielded clear-cut results. In the first phase of the experiment, half of the participants were instructed to lie, saying that they had put a cell phone into a desk drawer when they had actually pocketed it in their bag. The other half were asked to put the phone in the drawer and then tell the truth.The interview was videotaped and the participants ‘eye directions analyzed-and both groups showed virtually the exact same amount of looking left and right. 90003 90002 The second half of the experiment examined real-life lying. «We looked at tapes of high-level non-sanctioned lies-people at press conferences who were appealing for a missing relative,» says Wiseman. For half of the press conferences, the relatives speaking were later convicted for the crime, based on DNA, security camera footage or other evidence, indicating they were lying.Again, when compared to those telling the truth, they looked to the right or left no more frequently. 90003 90002 According to Wiseman, the myth seems to have originated in the literature of neuro-linguistic programming, or NLP, a self-help philosophy created in the 1970s and 80s. «Originally, they wrote about reconstructed memories versus generated memories-the difference between imagination and an event that actually happened,» he says. «Over the years, that somehow evolved into lying versus genuine memories.»90003 90002 As the belief spread, it became accepted and incorporated into training manuals without ever being rigorously tested. «Interviewers in a lot of organizations are told to look for certain patterns of eye movements when someone talks about their past, and if they emerge, then that’s a reason to think the candidate is not telling the truth,» Wiseman says. 90003 90002 Although this myth has been debunked, there are some ways to analyze an interviewee’s behavior to get hints on whether they’re lying-but the methods are far more complicated that simply tracking the direction a person is looking.»There are some actual cues that might indicate lying-such as being static or talking less or dropping in terms of emotionality,» says Wiseman, «but I do not think there’s any reason to keep holding onto this idea about eye movement.» 90003 90002 Like this article? 90021 SIGN UP for our newsletter 90003 .